Monetary circulation and the abandonment of the auxiliary forts in Roman Dacia |
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Monetarycirculation andthe abandonment ofthe auxiliary forts in RomanDacia
Cristian Gazdac
Arcienl authorshave different opinionsabout the moment when the province of Dacia was abandoned the Roman by amry and administmtion. Eutropius (rx.8), Rutus Festus (Vll) and Iordanes (Rondna 217) speakabout a double with&awa1 of Ronan adminjstration fiom Dacia dxdng the reigns of Gallienusand Aurelian; Aurelius Victor (2223) and OrosiusO{L22.7) considerthat Dacia was lost in the reign of Ga ienus;finally, the Histaria Augustaaff,nl6 that this p.ovince was lost by the Romansonly under the rejgn of Aurelian (S.rr4 lritd Aureliani 39: seealso Iliesdt r971:425). The pur?ose of this paper is to present the numismatic evidencefor sone of the auxiliary forts in the province of Dacia in the secondhalf of rhe C3ff, ar about the moment when the abandoDment rhis province is supposedto of The tust aspect revealedby drc graphicsofthe finds/period made for the auiliary fots is the cessationof the coinfinds for drc issueslater thanthe reign ofPhilip I (seeFigs. 2-7). For some of the auxiliary lorts the coin finds stop evar earlier, eg. Razboieni - Crunidava,Antela, but the quantiiy of coins recovered is too small to allow any cedain conciusions (see Tab. 3-5). Also for the corns issuedin the later periodsthar reign ofPhilip I, exceptthe fot of Drobeta, thore is no certain jnformation that they werc found on the site of the aciliffy forts andnot in the civilian settlement, besidethe fort.
The general trend of coin-finds/period tor the auxiliary fons in Dacia showsa strong deorease coin-finds after of the reign of Phiiip l, which rcachesthe lowest value in the periodof253-268(see FiC. 1). This co-ef6cient records a slight increasefor tlle next period, 268-275, followed by another gmdnal deoease in 275-284 and 275-284. The The naterial lsed {br this paper is rhe isolatedcoin tuds decrease coin-finds after 275 can be explainedby the of iiom ihe sites of au{iliary siies of Dacia and tur fact that Dacia in this pe.iod was alreadya tenitory outside comparison,Parmonia. the method,I have divided the of rlrc Roman empire wbne the inoease of coin-finds For hisrory of Rotian province of Dacia into ctuonologicai startingwith the period of Constantine may be explained I periods and calculatedthe firdshe.iod and the percentage by lhc issue quandDofl}e bro?e coinage ofabu,roanr as of this co-efEcientto allow comparisons with other areas. well as the re-conquest the sourhempalt of the forner of provinceofDacia duringhis reign. Up to the early C3^, the chonological s€quences nost are easily formulatedin tems of the largth of imperial reigns (Reece1987: 73). The Severan The marked decrease coin-tuds in the period 253-268 dynastyis divided into two in periods: the tust group containsthe reiglrs of Septimius may be explainedeither as: a deoeaseof coin production; Severus MacdniB (193218); the second to the or a ccssation includes ofthe regularsupplyto the au,.ri1iary troops. period ftom Elagabal to Mariminl]s I Thra'r (218-238). I be re.grs Co-diar ()18-244) Ph:lip (244-2rq) To h3ve a clearer explanation for this siiuation, we of lll | and are studied seFrately based on the monetary changes compared numisnatic evidence the ftom the auxiliary fots which took place in iheseperiods.The next chronological n Dacia with otber similar items. T]re comparative period, 249-253, is basedon the t}?e of conrmonlyfound percentage coin finds/period ftom Dacia (GazdacPbD of aolns, re. ant'rniniati and bronze issuesof Viminacium thesis) and the au{iliary fofis shows a similar pattem {br and PROVINCU DACU. The penod after Trcbonianus the fluctuationsof coin-findsbetweenthesetwo categodes Gallus/Aemilianwas divided in two groups,253-268 and GeeFig. 10, Tab. 8). A slightdiferencecar be observed 268-275, following the ancient authors and aboui the for the period after the rcign of Phjlip I, especiallyfor 253Doment when Dacia was abandon€d by rhe Ronan 268, when the co-ef6cient ol auxiliary fots reoords a administration. The following period, 275-284, is strongerdecrease than that of the pmvince. According to characterised radiatesof slightly higher silver conient. this graph it may be suggested whole province could by that Due to the stateofpublication and also becaus€ paper have sutrereda sfong diminution of coin supply. But the this is not focused on this period, the last ctuonological reasonfor the diminution of coin-finds in this period does sequences have been caried out by the periods: 284-305 not allow us to seeif ir is a paticular pl€nomenonfor this and 306-337. The last three ctuonological sequences province or is a genenl pattem for the enpie, following representthe period whar Dacia was lost to the Roman possiblylow coin production. empirc followed by the partial r€-conquest Constantine by I ofthe southem ofDacia. pat Going tudher, I have made compmativegmphs of some settlementsajrd fieir auxiliary forts, Porolissum, Gherla A major problem for dis subjectwas the stateof research andDrobeta(seeFiss. 8, 9, Tab. 8). In two of rhe cases, and the publication of the numismaticmaterial. Only for ?orolissum and Gheda, the coin-finds recoveredftom the some auxiliary forts has this category of material been territory of the forts stoppedwith rhe issuesof Philip I published but without strati$aphical context. Another while later issues continue to be found in a very snal1 quantiE on the cidlian part of th€ samesire (seeFig. 9, difficully for this approachis that in many cases, forts the were only partially excavated. Tab. 9). For our pupos€s,the comparative gmphofthe site ofDrcbeta is tbe most important.Untii ihe pe.iod 253-268, 137
LimesXY I
the percentage offtlds/period olau.dliary fon is higher or slightly higher than th€ oneofthe finds recovered ftom the teritory of the town of Drobetaj except for the reign of Philip I. Then, for the following periods of 253-268 a.nd 268-2'75,rhe co-efEcieni of the auxiliary folt records a &amatic decrease comparison h with the coefficient ofthe iown for which the period of 253-268 has a 'no|In l' deueas€,like in the caseof the prcvince of Dacia. At the sametime for the next period, 268-275, both co-efficients raise again,but the co-efiicientfor the town recordsa huge value - lhe highest value of rhe e ire period of study while tlnt of the au\iliary fort of Drobeta has just a medium value. tud, again, fof the pedod after drc abandonment Dacia the teritory of the auxiliary fol! of produces more coin-finds tlnn tle tou]1 of Drobeta provmg thar the au{iliary fort was rcused by the inlabitants probably as a follifred place.The reuseof this fort under Conshltine as nilitary place is markedby the huge increaseof rhc coin-finds on its terriiory comparative with the toun's coin-findsin the same period. For the auxiliary forts of Porolissumand cherla tbe lack ol any coins issuedafter rhe reien of Philip I may be a matter of chance.The caseofDrobeta suggests the auxiliaiy that garison, if this was stil1 ganisoned there,had a bad coin supplyin i]le period following the reign ofPhilip I.
Another possibiliO, to establish if the auxiliary forts of Dacia were facing a bad supply of coinag€ or it w?s a generalphenomenon ihe Romanempirc in the period of in 253-268is by comparingwith ihe sihation of the arlxiliary forts ftom neighbouring pmvirces. For the moment,du€ to the state of publication, only numisnatic material &om ardliary forts of?annonia was availablefor shrdy(FMRU 1999).The compamtivegraphic of the percentase coinof finds/period indicates that the intensity of coin-finds in Dacia has a much higher value in the auxiljary forts of Dacia than those of Pannoniauntil the period of 249-253 (see Fig. 11, Tab. 11). Startingwith this pe.iod ihe comparative trendsof the coin-finds for the auxiliary forts in lhese two proinces foilows two opposite directiors. Tle co-efficientfor Pannonia indicatesa hugeincrease and an ascending tendencyfor the period of 249-275while the sameco-efficient recods a dnrnatic decrease, especiaily for th€ period of253-268, for the arLxiliary fots ofDacia. ln conclusion, the pattem of coin-finds in the auxiliary fofs of Dacia comparedwith ditrerent categoriesof sites indicatesthat the strongdecrease thc coins issuedin the of period of 253-268 is a conrmonpaftem of the auxiliary forts in Dacia. At this stageofrcsearclL it may be affirrned that if the auiliary fods of Dacia were not abandoned under the reign of Gallienus, they were at least facing a serjousproblem ofcoin supplyin ihis period.
Tab. i - Tdtle ofcoin-finds &om Parclistuh, Micia,Hoghiz POROIISSWT Period No
D No
s
%
Dp
%
findY No
I
Totat
9a-117
117-138 138-161 161-180
3 3
5 3
I
50 60
62.5
2 2 5.2 100
2
33.1 25
16.6
2A
12.5 25
20 50
0.3 0.2
0.3
6 8
't5
180-192 193-218 218-2J8 238-244
244-249 TOTAL MICIA.
50
94_7
IE 9
100
r00
7.1 4 7.7 7.7
4.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4
2
t9 9
2
75
I
2
Total period
D No 2 No
s
No
Dp No 2 12,5
l
No
No
9a-117
117-138
2
50 100
4
50
37.5
r3E-161
161-180 180-192 193-218
50
I
2
I 2(FJ 2 66.6
25 33.3
50 2
66.6
t2_5 33.3
2la:234 234:214 249-253
TOTAL
66.6 24.2
33.3 100 100 33.3 2
0.2 0.09 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.i 0.1 0.1 0.2
4 2 8 8
3 3
3 1
1
8 (2Dt
lE.l
I
72,1
ll
738
Cristid
Gazdac: Monetary cimiation
and the abando lne t afthe awiliary forts in Roman Dacid
HOGTI]Z Period No 9E-ll7 117-138 138-l6l 161-180 193-218
D
%
s
No
%
N No
findV
Totrl No
No
2
100 100 33.3 50 66.6 2
66.6
0.1
2
1
l
2
I I
66.6 100 50
I
0.04 0.1 0.05 0.08 33.3
0.1
2
218-238 238-244 244-249 275-2A4 284-305 306-337
TOTAI,
2
I
33.3 100 3 100 100 29.7
0_5
Q.2
3 3
I I 4 3 24
100 3 25
0.1 0.1 0.09
7
29.1
12.5
1,1
7
Tab. 2 - Tableofcoin-finds Aon Buciuni, Iliqla BUCITJMI D No 11 No No
S No l5
Dp
%
AndY No No 45 61,.2 25.7
Totat No 7l 3l
98-117 117-138 13E-l6l 161-180
r9.7
9.6
l0
l4 19.3
21,.1
32 l9
3.7 3.2
1.4 1.5
3
(2nl
2
14.2 6.6 16.6
12
(1D)
31.2 40
9
25.7 49
6 3
2
13.3
16.6
0.7 0.5
1.1
180-192 193-274
214-Xa
27 21 r8D)
16.6 96.4 100 5
11.4 l 8
50
3.5 2 2 38
28.5 17.3 10.9 29.2
2E 27 7
5 219
ua-244
244-249
TOTAI, E4
1.1
38.3
D
%
60 3.6
0.:l
Period
s
No
Dp No l1 t2
Total No No
98-ll7
10.3
5 1 (3p) 9.4
No I2
20.6 3.7
35_8
od 'vn % No I I J . 9 29 50 22.6
5.1
117-138 r38-l6l
l6l-180
2
I
33
l5
62.2
38.4 2.5 1,4.2
t.8 1.6 0.3 0.3 0.9 39 7
r7.9
57.1 I 1
2
14.2
14.2
rE0-192
193-274
2
50
25
25
zta-z3a
23a-244 244-249
TOTAL
22 95.6 rl5D) l3 72.2
l(?)
4 3 l2D) 6 9 (3!)
22.2
5.5
0.9
18
50
50 24
18
72
26
1
G5p)
52 1
80 I
3
739
Lines ^V 1
Tab.3 - Tableofcoin-finds iom cherla, Cariae, Reztoieli GHERLA Period D s No 22 No 70.9 l9
(1D)
Dp No 9.6 t2,9 No
%
IindY
Tofal No
No
98-117
3 3
I
2
t2 57.l 1
tr7-138 r3E-l6l
161-180 180-192 193-218 7
14.2 7.6 25 100
4.7
2
9.5 7.6
2L
53.8 58.3
30.7 2
16.6
0.5 0.6 0.08 0.8 0_7
1
,7
3
I I
20
(lD)
95.2
2l
2ta-234 238:244 244-249
TOTAI
(10D)
i00
I 2 nD)
100 25
6
75 14,7
0.t 1.6 7 20
16.3
I
E
60.6
3 (h)
18
122
CERTIAE -ROir']TA D
s
%
Dp
N
findY d
98"117 117-138 138-161 161-180
No 1 4
l
No
%
No
No
20 36.3
42.8
20
9 14.2
I
No 3 9 14.2
%
No
No I
%
60
16.3 28.5
0.2 0.3 0.1
4.4
1
I
2
No 5 tl 7
l
2 2 '7 a2!)
9
66.6
12.5
180-192 193-218 218-238
40
87.5
2
1
33.3 20
5
I
0.3
90 2 66.6
10 47.2
10 31.3 10
2 7
2Q
l0 0.5 100 2 0.04
1 1.5
na-244
244-249
3
l0
I
284-.105
TOTAL
3
(iD)
tt.1
9
14.2
63
R{ZBOBllII D No 98-117 138"161 l6l-180 193-218 No
nndY
Total No
r00
I
2 2 3 66_6 100
1 5
100 100 33.3
218-238
TOTAL
0.0i 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.05
2 3
I
740
Cristian Gazdac: Monetary circuldtion and the abandonnent ofthe auritiata Jbfis in Ronan Dacia Tab.4 - TableofcoiFfinds froncun CYMIDA uAD No 98-117
%
dv, Ptuetunun,Tibiscun S
%
nndY 2 100
0,1
Total No
No I
r17-138
138-l6t 193-218
2
l
33.3 100 50 31.3
D
2
100 66.6 50
44.4 2
0_04 0.1 0.04 0.1 22,2
Dp
2r8-238
TOTAL
I
2
9
4
-ir{EEADIA PR,4ETOLIWT
s
%
N
I
9a-717 117-138 2 r38i61 t6t-180 180-192 193-218 218-238
738-241 244-249
7.1
16.6 3.3 2 25 I
8
58.3 8.3
12.5 I
57.1 8.3
12.5
0.5 0.3
0.1 0.1
t2
2
50
9
1 50 56.2,
50 50 6_2
3.2
50 31.5
2
31
6
za
3 I I 6
1.5 l 2 17.5
17.5
53.3 16.6
2 l
25
249-753 253-268 264-215
275t81
13.3 100
z
8.3 50
66.6
t.3
)_4 1.5 12
.l
33.3
ll.l
r00
1
284-305 306,337 4t
r00
100 143
2
IJ
(s
2A
22
t3
4.9
0.6
8
5,4
2A 2l
4.2 0.5 0.6 0.04 0.6
37
6
20
TIBISC'1V . TIIPA D No 98-117 117-138 lindV Total No
3
l 5
100 100 100 100 100
100
0.1 0.1
0.2
3 3
I
I
lt8-161 193-218 218-238
TOTAL
0.04 0.05
12 (iD)
l2
741
LimesXYm
Tab-5 - Table ofcoln-finds fiom Criste$ti,Boioga.,4rur2l4 Inltceni CRIS
D
s
50
10 90.9
N
%
93-117
50
0.1
No 2
117-118 138-161 161-180 2tat38 234t44 241-249
264-275
r00
100
0.5 0.04
0.05 4.2
11 5
2 2
r00
100 100
100 2 3 5
4.2
IJ.2
275-244 284-_t05 306-337 'roTAlBOI,OGA Period
NU
100
100 16.7
0.2 0.09
009
7
3
16.1
16.1
3
9,6
I
rt
findY
J5,,1
D
%
Dp No 2 2 No No
Total No 4 5
I I I
9E-ll7
r17-138
138-161 193-218
20 2 100
2
50 40 40
2
i
50 20
z
40
zla-Ba
244-219 TOTAL AR WELA D No 98-117 117-136 136-161 180-192 193-218 5
r00
1 29.4
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.04 0.05 0.2
3
17.6
3
17.6
t7
findY Total No
s
% No
%
Dp
No
%
No
%
No
%
2
{lD)
100 20 2 40 25 25 23.5
5.8 4 2 i
0.i 2 40 50
I
2
5 4 I 4
I
t00
0.2 0.1 0.08
0_l
3
7
75 100
41.1
218-238
TOTAL
0.05
I
23.5
I
5.8
t7
INLACENI D No 1 1
s
% No
117-138 l6l-180 193-218
3
50 100 100
50
0.09 0.05
0.1
2
218-238
BA-241
r00
66.6
0.05 3 100 100 33.3
0-l
I
I
I
244-249
TOTAL
0.2
9
742
Cristidn G@da.: Monetary circulation and the abandottment oJ the al.niliaty forts in Ronat Dacia Tab. 6 - Tatle ofcoin-finds liom Pojejda,R 'cri, Drcbeta POJEJENA D s No 117-138 138-161
I
fin&/ No 1 66.6
Total No
No
No
100
r93-218 218-238 238-244 244-249
249-253 253-264 TOTAI, RACAPJ
I I
33.3 100
2
0.04 0.1 0.04
0.05 l6_6
3
r00
100 33.3 2
66.6
100
r00
3 20
D No 2 No
%
0.6 0.7 0.06
1 6.6
20
8
s
No No
I
fiDdV
Total No 3 2 1l 7
9a-117
117-:l3E
66.6
54.5 71,.4
33.3
2 6
5 1 5 1
r00
t00
28.5
138-161
161-180 793-217
2
I
0.t 0.09 0.4 0.05 0.1
0_1 0.1 9.2
Q.2
2ta-234 234:244 244:249 249:253 TOTAL
DROBETA - fort D 98- tt7 117-138
1 3 8- i 6 1
33.3
1
33.3
33.3 100
I
3
1 1
100 100
16.6
l4
46,6
I
3.3
I
3.3
Dp
t1
30
s
2
N
),
8.3 3 50 50 5 (p)
t7.8
33.3 25 50
75
2
13.3
2
ll.l
0.1 0.5
0.2
12.5 I
2
12.5 3 25 1,2 2
8
161-180
180- 192 1 9 3- 2 1 8
25 50
23 32.t
50
218 238
23 -244
.t 4
9 8 2 6
241- 1,49
249- 2.53
t0
90.9
0.1 0.1 1.4 1.5 2 2.7
4.2
28
9 l0 l1 8
253- 268 264- 215
215 - 244
100 100
100 l8.t l0 34 l3 l.t 9 8r.8 132 100 1 4 1 51.2
.284-105
306 - 337 TOTAI,
0.-5
3.4
ll
l]2
rr (7pi 4.2
26
5
1,9
3t
tt.9
760
'743
Linesl'r' I
Tab. 7 - The site-findsfion the anxiliary foiis ofDada
,"
niF&
-'"'.'. "'* "f,l **"."';
ci*qd BoIq!
siginqE
i 6 2 o %
ad Dheddxll
rorAl ""-
DF
e
eb'd
;;;
d;;--
?F{
rord
s g h F d ! 2 1
744
Cristiat Gazdac: Monetary circularion and the abando nent aJthe alLtitiary fotxs in Ronan Dacia
l
r
^ ehd frri dH:r.,F
rcrr
4 7 ' 5
745
LineswII
i
z
Bqqh€ni
x
6
1
1
!
|
3
1
] 0 . 6
n \ 1
Cristid
Gzdac: Monetary circuldtian and lhe abandonnent aJ the atLritiary lorts in Roman Dacia
Tab. 8 -Compr.rative tables aE\iliary for - setlement in Dacia
POROLISSYM
PERIOD 98-117 117-138 138-161 r61-180 r30-i92 193-218 218-238 4A-44 241-219 249:253 2*:264 264"275 306-337 TOTAI
80 73
4.2 3.?
1.8
r18
'10 21 21t
u6
t9 24 5 I l 151
3.6 2.2 8,4
5.8 3.1
4.8 1.2 0.06 0.1 4r.06
Period 70.2 9 9.2 4.7 5.3 20.4 14.1 7.5 11.6 2.9 0.1 0.2 lJ.2
coins 6 5 8 4 2 19 9 1 2
0.3 4.2 0.3 0.1 0.t 0.t
1l.l ll.l
3.7 25.9 14.8 3.7 14.8
GIIERLA No. coins 3r 2l 13 12 r 21 t4 l 8 Iindv period r.6 | 0.5 0.6 0.08 0.8 t.l 0.1 r,6 Yotttdsl period 22.9 14.3 7.1 8.5 1.1 11.4 10 1,4 22,9
PERIOD 98-11? 117-138 138-161 161-130 180-192 193-218 ?18-238 23a:244 244-219 253:264 264-275 27s-744 284-30s 306-337 TOTAL
37 39 34 21 39 23 5
l3
1.9 1.8 t.4 t.\ 1.5 1.1 0.8
2.6 0.06
14.5 13,7
r0.6
3.3 3 ll.4 8.3 6,1 19,8
2 I | 6 227
A.2 0.t 0.04 0.1 t:l.t
tJ.7 0,3 0.7
DROBETA
PERIOD 98-117 117-13a 138,161 r6i-180 ta0-192 193-213 218-238 234,214 249:2s3 2$-264 268-275 215:241 284-30s 306'337 TOTAL
'1 8 t2 3 2 I 16 l0 t4 1t 24 50 5 3 35 201
0.3 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.04 0.8 1.6 2.8 21 t.6 ?.1 0.5 0.1 Lt 19.64
1.5
0.5
n.2 8,1
14.2 36.1 5.6
No. coin6 6 8 12 4 2 8 28 9 ta 12 4 8 '1 132 26t
finilY period 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.3 r.4 1.5 2 :l 0.2 1.6 0.7 0.5 1.2 16.8
%findv pqiod 1.7 1.1 2,9 l.l 0.s r.7 8,3 8.9 11.9 1?,8 1.1 9.5 4.1 2.9 25
147
Lines WIII
DACIA
No. }ERIOD No, coiN 38.1 35.2 22.7 11.8 34.5 finds/ period %findv p€riod
98r17 1t?-l3a 138-161 161'180 r80-192 193-?18 218-238 8A-U4 241-249 249-2s3 253-268 264-275 x75-744 28,1-305 306-33? TOTAL
725 7t 8ll 432 r42 864 836 282 402 169 92 57 392 6115
8.8 8.1 2.7 I r0.9 ta.6 3 0,6
23t t94
190 t5
12.1 9.2
8.2 3.9
12,1 9,7
8,6 1.1
34 t16 190 25 I t7
18
2.8 1 9.5 6.2 0.6 2_1
2
80.4 42.2 9.9 13.1 2.1 12.6 430.1
7,3 t0 7.9 18.3 ,t,5 0.9 5,2
20 t57 1468
0.9 i 94,7
Cohpatulite table ofthe awiliaryfofts coih-ftds Itotu Da.ia and Pannonia DACU
PERIOD
117-138 138-161 161180 180-192 193-218 218-238 234-244 i44:249 219-253 253-264 264-27s 215-244 244-305 306-337 TOTAI-
231 194 190 75 34 116 190 8t 24 9 17 I8 20 157 1167
12.1 9.2 8.2 3.9 2.8 '1 9.5 7.5 0.6 2.4 2 0.9 5
12.4 9,7 8.6
2,6
l0 7.9 13.4 6.3 2.1 0.9 5.2
83 i06 80 23 15 9l 47 52 52 234 234 132 144 2194
3.9 4.6 4.2 1.9
3
7.4 10.4 t3 15.6 33.4 14.6 6.8 152.3
3 2.7 1.2 1.9 2.9 5.1 6.8 10.2 27_9
16,1
Tab. 9 - Tablesof coin-fnds Som the auxiliary forts in Pannonia
748
Crinni
Ca-da, : Monetoyir,
"lanun
and lhe abdidonaeal aJ Ihe aL"iliary Jo' $ in Ronan Dacio
WWS SALINA . PERIOI}
D
v,
50
66.6 50
TOTAINo
98-r17
117-138
2
t00
0.2
138-r6r
t6t-180 193-218
218-238 23a-244 TO'I'AI INTERCI&4-D ?ERIOD
) tl.3
t00
t00 i00 100 44.6 3 20 3 20
0.04 0.05
0.3
l5
D 25
tl.-l
s
2 25 2 6 28.5 12.5
l
N
TOTAI
2
98-117 2 117-138 '1 13al6l 161-180 180-192 193-218 2ta:238 2_]8-244 244-219
219:253
31.5 19
l
8.1 n.l
l
0.4 r6.6 0.5
14.2 0.9
3
t2
2l 10 9 2l
3 2,
l8 22
33.3 30 22.2. 85.t
81.4
l0
11.1
1l.l
9.5
0.5 1 1 . I 0_7 0.8 t.3
2.3
21 11 13
100
2a_5
2 t8.I
42.8
8 18
21.4
!sl-268 264-215 215-244 30G337
TOTAI59
38.4 100 100 '72 100 50 l0 to.2
100
61.5
2.2 3.2
6.6
21 12.4 1.2 l5 0,5
z1 72.9
170 i 0 0
34.2 6
10..1 5.5 t.7
50 37 170
PERIOD
D
NU No
od
1 50 50
33.-l
N
TOTAI,
2 66.6 3
98-117
117-138
0.09 50
3 0.1
2
2
161-180 180-192 193-2\a
21S-238
1
50
0.08 00 00 00 00
00
0.1
0.1 0.2
3
238-14,1 214-249
249-253 2$:Z6a
0_2 0.1 4.2
214-244 28.r-J05
306-337 TOTAI-
13.3
t00
9
3,4
I
3.4
1
3.4
6.8
t0
13
'749
Iines Xln
AD MTaRES A.cE
PERTOD
93-117
D
s
28.5 51_l 857 42.8 2 28.5 42.8 2 28.5 3 42.4 2 100
10 I 2 14.2 2 66.6 1 33_3
N 0.1
TOTAI, 3
,l
117-rl8 138-161
161-130
0..1 0.1 04 0.5 0.6 t_2 05 1.8 0.5 c6.6
2
14.2 90 80 t0 100
3 l
t80-192 193-218
.218-.238 23a:241
10 80
l0
10 t0
3
8 l3
l
214:249 2,19-253 253-264 z6a:275 275-244
23!t-305
25 2A
r00
100
t3
33.3 20
13 1.1
306-337 TOTAI 13
30
53 59
r00
t_J 154
solvA PERIOD
D
s
6
DD No
N
TOTAI-
14.5 11.3 133-161 t 2 20.6 l6l-180 15.5 180-192 37.5 193-218 27 3 1 . 8 t18-tl8 24 234-244
249:253
98-117 117-138
10.9 1 4 25.426 26 18.8 5 27.5 6 1 0 . 3 1 2 l 5 31.3 9 2A I 12.5 t2.5 l 5 t5.l t5
l0 2 2 8 . i 22 6 8 . 7 3 0 l 8 60 123 1 0 0 l4l 100
ll
11.2 20.6 rJ.l
31.5
1
5
1.8
2.5 i8.9
t.1
n
8
53
53
2.5 t 7 . 7 2.3
0.5
45
l.l
2_5
3.1
1.32 2,
9 9
3.3
2 8.2 20.1 '1.2 73 2
0.1 568 82.9
2$:264 264-215 275-244 284-30s 306-Jl7
TOTAL 88 6,8
123
l4l
65 1 0 0
l5 11
65
88
r00
373 28.8 1 1 3 9,1 3 8
43.9 1.9
I5.9
195
t29l
Tab. l0 - The sit€-fDdsftom the auxiliN folts of Pmonia
750
Cristian G@dac: Monetdry cilculation and the abandanne t of the alLtiliarv fotls in Romm Dacia
s
Dl
!5
dd
&3oq
ldod
Tab- I I - Conpdative table ofthe auxiliary forts coitr-fnds ftom Dacia dd Pmnoria
PERIOD 98n1? 1l?-138 138-161 t6t-ta0 ta0-192 r93-2lA 218-238 234-244 244-219 a9:2s3 253:264 264-275 275-284 ?84-305 306-33? TOTAI231 t94 r90 75 31 t16 190 81 9 11 1 20 t57 12.1 9.2 4.2 3.9 2.8 1 9.s 174 0.6 2.4 2 0.9 5
12.a
9.7
2,6 83 106 80 23 9l 52 52 234 234 132 3.9 4.2 1,9 3 4.5 7.8 10.4 t3 t5.6 33_4 14_6 6.8 24.6 152.3 3 2.7 1.2 1.9
l0 1.9 18,,1 6.3
6.8 ttJ.2 21,9 9.5 16,1
8
2.1 0,9
2t94
'751
Li esXY I
Denomination abbreviations: Ant D Dp N S prov. issues inid. denom. = Antonininus = Denarius = Dupondius =N nnus = Sesteftiw = provincial issues = uidertified denomination
Bibliography Gazdac PID thesisMouetary circulation in theprovince oJDacid it theperiodfrom Trajan to Constunne I (,4, 106-3J4- (Oxford University). FMRU 1999passimrie Fundniiuen der rdlnkchen Zeit in Unsarn 1990-t999,Band.I-nI. @eI1:]:'). Iliescu Vl. 1971Pnresirca Daciei ln lumina izvoarelor literue, Studii si Cerc€tlri de Isrode Veche si. -442. Arheologie22. 3: 4.25 Reece R 1987Coinagein Ranan Bitain. (l don).
752
Cristian Gazdac: Monetar), circulation and the abdndonment afthe a1.niliaryforts itlRona
Da.ia
20 15 10 5 0 Fig. I - Coin-findY period in ihe auxiliary forls Aom Dacia.
PTXOTISSZ,|/ - arxiliary folt Ponit fEi'dsr o;fiod l
MICIA -YETEL
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
98_ 1 1 7 -1 3 8 -1 6 i r 8 0 - 193- 218- 238- 2441 1 7 1 3 8 1 6 1 1 8 0 1 9 2 218 238 244 249 PERIOD HOCHIZ
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.'l 0 9 8 - 1 1 7 -1 3 8 -1 6 1 -1 8 0 -193- 21A- 23a- 2491 1 7 1 3 8 1 6 1 1 8 0 1 9 2 214 234 244 253
$i
BUCIUMI 3 2 1 0
0.1 0.04 0.1 O.OS 0.08 0.1
0.1 0.09 * 24+ 27' 306PERIOD
Fig. 2 - Cralhics offinds/ period in the a\t\i1iary fons at Pol.listun, Mcia Hoghiz.
9& '117-13& 161-193 21&
1 1 7 138 161 180 218 238 244 249 2U 337
ILI$UA
6 5
1.5
0.7 0.5
9 8 - 1 1 7 - 1 3 8 - 1 6 1 , 1 8 0 - 193- 214- 234- 244117 138 161 1AA 192 218 238 244 249 PERIOD
3 2 I 0
0.3
0.9 0_9
98- '117- 134- 1 6 1 - 1 8 0 - 193- 21A 234 244'117 1 3 8 1 6 1 1 8 0 '192 21A 23a 244 249 PERIOD
GHERLA 21 r.a
1.5 1 0.5 0 9 8 - 1 1 7 - 1 3 8 - 1 6 1 - 180- 193- 218- 238- 2441 1 7 ' i3 8 1 6 1 1 8 0 192 214 234 244 249 PERIOD 1 0.5 06 0.08
oB oz
Fig. 3 - Gratlics offinds/ period in the auiliary forls ot Bncluni, Ili9u4 Ch€ a
'753
Lines WIII
C'RTLA -E- ROMITA
3 2 1 0
RAZBOIENI 0.15
0.2 0.5 0 . 3 0 . 1 4.4 0.3 0.5 0.5
0.1
0.04
0.05 0
98-117 138-161 161-180 193.214 21V234 PERIOD
98138- 1 6 1 -180- 1 9 3 - 218- 23U 244 2e41 1 7 1 3 8 1 6 1 '180 '192 214 234 244 249 305
PERIOD
cwrrDAuA -RI6NOY
0.15 0.1 0.05 0 9 8 - 1 1 7 1 1 7 - 1 3 8 1 3 8 - 1 6 1 193,218 218-238 PERIOD PMETORIVM - ir{EHADIA Fis. 4 - C{aphicsof finds/ lsliod in tho audiary fotts ot Certide,P.izbalenl, Cutuidan
CRISTESTI 0,5
0,4 0.3
o 2 Io . r
0.1 0
0.2 0.2 0.2
O.O40.05 0.09 0.09
9 8 - 1 1 7 -1 3 8 1 6 1 21A- 23A- 244 26A 275- 284- 306'117 134 1 6 1 1 8 0 23A 244 249 275 2A4 305 337 PERIOD BOLOGA
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 9A-117 117-138 13&161 19XZa ZanA 24+249 PERIOD
Fig. 5 - Graphicsoffndv leriod in ths anxiliary fons of: P/aetolun, Criste$ti, Bologa.
754
Cristiatl Gdzdac: Manetary circuldtion and the abandonnent of the auxilkty farts it1Ronan Dacia
,4nr?8r.4 - c,{LrM,{NE$Tr
0.3
INL,{CENI
0,3 0,2 0,'l 0
o.2
0.1 0
98-117
117-138 139161 19?218 2t&238 PERIOD
9A-117 117-138 193-21A 21a 23A 23A-244 24+249 PERIOD
r e.6 - CFph:(. oI5nd. leriod in rhedu li"ry foli ol] ,a/r/./a. b rceni. Bologa.
POJEJENA
RACARI
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.04 0
0.6 0.04 0.05
0.6
0.06
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.t 0 9 8 - 1 1 7 - 1 3 8 - 1 9 3 - 2 1 8 - 218- 23a 244 251 117 134 161 218 238 238 244 249 253 PERIOD
117- 134- 1 9 3 - 218- 238- 244- 249- 2531 3 8 1 6 1 214 23A 244 249 253 264
PERIOD
DROBETA - a\)xiliarJ fon
Flg. 7 - Graphicsoffinds/ period in the auiliary forts of: Pojejens,R{cari, ,/,rera
PERIOD
POROLISS'M
GHERLA
+:; \+- €r €'di
\ 4 . ; . c
r :
. i
\d.' j{" .1, .};".f,',*.-".i'
r -
- , - , , ,
^ t . i . d'
,f
F ' 9 .8 - C o r l e r . \ c g d ! | , i . a u i l i s ^ t u - * e r l e . - l (% of finds/ !eriod): Pdlo1irsu,
Gherla .
755
Lines Xm
DRORETA
40
% finds/
351 period
30 25 20 15 l0 5 0
lsi.*._lfort a au).iliary
I
I
98- 117-'f38- 161-f80- 193-21A-23A-244- 249-253-26A-275-2A4-306117 134 161 180 192 218 23A 244 249 253 26a 275 284 305 337
Fig. 9 - Corntamtive graphic auxiliary fort{eiuement (% of findv !eriod):
0 Fig. i 0 - Conparativegnphic of tle coin-finds from Dacia dd its auiliary forts 20 18 16
10 8 6
MDACIA I auiliarv forts
2 0 Fig. 1I - Compdative gcphic ofthe coitr-firds fiom auiliary forts in Daciadd Pmonia
756