The Roman Hoard from Simleul_Silvaniei

MINISTERUL CULTURI! MWZEUL NATIONAL DE ISTORIE A TRANSILVANIEI ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS 36/1 SEPARATVM CLUJ-NAPOCA 1999 169 Horea Pop - Cristian Gazdac THE ROMAN HOARD FROM §IMLEUL-SILVANIEI During the 1 997 excavations at Simleul-Silvaniei there was found a Roman hoard of 54 coins, at the place named „Cetate" („fortress"), on the second plateau, in square 15, on the floor of the metallurgical workshop, 1,27 - 1,30 m below the modern ground surface. The coins were buried in a pit of 5 cm diameter and at the same depth. There was no bowl or any other object to keep them in. The hoard contains 51 Republican coins and 3 Imperial coins, as can be seen in the following catalogue: CATALOGUE REPUBLICAN COINS - ANONYMOUS 1. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 189-180 B. C. Axe: 1 2; Size: 1 8,4 x 1 7,7 mm; W: 3,68 gr; Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma, r.; behind X. Border of dots. Reverse: Dioscuri r.; in linear frame ROMA. Crawford p. 213, no. 139/1 Inv. CC 677/1997 SEX. ATILIVS SERRANVS? 2. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 1 55 B. C. Axe: 9; Size: 17,8 mm; W: 3,40 gr; Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind X. Border of dots. Reverse: Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand and reins in I. hand; below SAR; in exergue, ROMA. Crawford p. 245, no. 1 99/1 b Inv. CC 677/1997 M. IVNIVS SILANVS 3. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 145 B. C. Axe: 12; Size: 17,6 mm; W: 3,43 gr; 170 Horea Pop - Cristian Gazdac Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ass's head; before, X. Reverse: Dioscuri r.; below, M. IVNI ; in exergue [roma]. Crawford p. 259, no. 220/1 Inv. CC 677/1997 C. CVRIATVS TRIGEMINVS 4. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 142 B. C. Axe: 10; Size: 21,2 x 18,4 mm; W: 3,47 gr; Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, TRIGE; before, X. Border of dots. Reverse: Juno in quadriga r., wearing diadem and crowned by Victory from behind, holding sceptre in I. hand and reins in r. hand; below C-CVR; in exergue ROMA. Crawford p. 260, no. 223/1 Inv. CC 677/1997 L. IVLIVS 5. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 141 B. C. Axe: 9; Size: 19,2 x 17,7; W: 3,28 gr; Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r,; behind, XVI. Border of dots. Reverse: Dioscuri r.; below, L-IVLI; in exergue ROMA. Line border. Crawford p. 260, no. 224/1 Inv. CC 677/1997 C. RENIVS 6. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 138 B. C. Axe: 4; Size: 16,7x16mm; W: 3,50 gr; Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X, Reverse: Juno in biga of goats r., wearing diadem and holding sceptre and reins in t hand and whip in r. hand; below, C-REN[i]; in exergue: [roma]. Crawford p. 264, no. 231/1. Inv. CC 677/1997 M. MARCIVS MN. F. 7. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 1 34 B. C. Axe: 6; Size: 18,7 mm; W: 3,55 gr; Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r; behind, modius; before, X. THE ROMAN HOARD FROM §iMLEUL-SILVANIEI 171 Reverse: Victory in biga r.; holding reins in I. hand and whip in r, hand; below M MARC, RO MA divided by two corn-ears. Border of dots. Crawford p. 277, no. 245/1 Inv. CC 677/1997 ANONYMOUS WITH ELEPHANT'S HEAD 8. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 128 B. C. Axe: 9; Size: 17,1 mm; W: 3,53 gr; Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, *. Reverse: Goddess in biga r., holding sceptre and reins in I. hand and branch in r. hand; below, elephant's head with bell attached; in exergue, ROMA, Obs: The bell divides the letter 0 from M. Crawford p. 287, no. 262/1 Inv.XC 677/1997 C. CATO 9. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 1 23 B. C. Axe: 6; Size: 17,4 mm; W: 3,56 gr; Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind X. Reverse: Victory in biga r,, holding reins in I. hand and whip in r. hand; below, C-CAT[o]; in exergue, ROMA. Crawford p. 294, no. 274/1 Inv. CC 677/1997 Q. CVRTiVS, M. SILA 10. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 11 6/11 5 B. C. Axe: 7; Size: 20,5 x 1 8,5 mm; W: 3,46 gr; Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r.; before, Q-CV[rt]; behind, X. Reverse: Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre in I. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; above, lituus; below, M-SI[la]; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Crawford p. 300, no. 285/2. Inv. CC 677/1997 11. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 11 6/11 5 B. C. Axe: 7; Size: 20,5 x 18,5 mm; W: 3,46 gr; 172 Horea Pop - Cristian Gazdac PI. I. The Roman hoard from §imleul-Silvaniei THE ROMAN HOARD FROM §[MLEUL-SILVANIE! 173 Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r.; before, Q.-CVRT; behind, X. Reverse: Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre in I. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; above, lituus; below, M-SILA; in exergue, [r]OM[a]. Line border. Crawford p. 300, no. 285/2. Inv. CC 677/1997 M. CIPIVS M. F. 12. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 115/114 B. C. Axe: 1 2; Size: 1 6,6 mm; W: 3,34 gr; Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r.; erased legend. Reverse: Victory in biga r., holding reins in I. hand and palm-branch; below, rudder; in exergue, ROMA. Crawford p. 303, no. 289/1. inv. CC 677/1997 L. CAESIVS 13. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 112/1 11 B. C. Axe: 5; Size: 1 9 x 18,4 mm; W: 3,43 gr; Obverse: Bust of Apollo seen from behind, with head turn to I.; on r. A? Reverse: Lares Praestites seated facing, with dog between, each holding staff in I. hand; in exergue, [1]-CAESI. Crawford p. 312, no. 298/1. Inv. CC 677/1997 C. VIB1VS C. F. PANSA 14. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 90 B. C. Axe: 1; Size: 1 8,3 x 1 6,6 mm; W: 3,48 gr; Obverse: Head Apollo; legend and control-mark are erased. Reverse: Minerva in quadriga r., holding spear and reins in L hand and trophy in r. hand; in exergue, [c].VIBIVS . C . F. Border of dots. Crawford p. 347, no. 342/5b. Inv. CC 677/1997 M. CATO 15. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 89 B. C. PI. II, The Roman hoard from §imleul-Siivaniei THE ROMAN HOARD FROM §IMLEUL-SILVANIEI 175 Axe: 4; Size: 17 mm; W: 3,46 gr; Obverse: Female bust r., draped, hair tied with band; behind, ROMA. Reverse: Victory seated r., holding patera in r. hand and palm-branch in I, hand; exergue erased. Crawford p. 351, no. 343/1a, b, c. Inv. CC 677/1997 CN. LENTVLVS 16. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 88 B, C. Axe: 11; Size: 1 7,9 x 1 5,6 mm; W: 3,61 gr; Obverse: Helmeted bust of Mars (Corinthian helmet seen from behind, with head turned to r.) Reverse: Victory in biga r., holding reins in I. hand and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, [c]N-LEN[tul]. Crawford p. 356, no. 345/1. Inv. CC 677/1997 1 7. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 88 B, C. Axe: 1 2; Size: 1 7,4 mm; W: 3,47 gr; Obverse: Helmeted bust of Mars (Corinthian helmet seen from behind, with head turned to r). Border of dots. Reverse: Victory in biga r., holding reins in I. hand and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, CN-LENT[ul]. Crawford p. 356, no. 345/1. inv. CC 677/1997 GARGONIVS, OGVLVS, VERRES 18. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 86 B, C. Axe: 2; Size: 1 9,2 x 17,7 mm; W: 3,44 gr; Obverse: Head of Apollo r., wearing oak-wreath. Reverse: Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins in I. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; above control-mark; below, GAR; in exergue, OGV, VER. Crawford p. 364, no. 350A/1a. Inv. CC 677/1997 19. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 86 B. C. Axe: 6; Size: 17,8x1 6,5 mm; W: 3,51 gr; THE ROMAN HOARD FROM $iMLEUL-SILVANIEl 175 Axe: 4; Size: 1 7 mm; W: 3,46 gr; Obverse: Female bust r., draped, hair tied with band; behind, ROMA. Reverse: Victory seated r,; holding patera in r. hand and palm-branch in I. hand; exergue erased. Crawford p. 351, no. 343/la, b, c. Inv. CC 677/1997 CN. LENTVLVS 16. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 88 B. C. Axe: 11; Size: 1 7,9 x 1 5,6 mm; W: 3,61 gr; Obverse: Helmeted bust of Mars (Corinthian helmet seen from behind, with head turned to r.) Reverse: Victory in biga r., holding reins in I. hand and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, [c]N-LEN[tul]. Crawford p. 356, no. 345/1. Inv. CC 677/1997 17. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 88 B. C. Axe: 12; Size: 17,4 mm; W: 3,47 gr; Obverse: Helmeted bust of Mars (Corinthian helmet seen from behind, with head turned to r). Border of dots. Reverse: Victory in biga r., holding reins in I. hand and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, CN-LENTful]. Crawford p. 356, no. 345/1. Inv. CC 677/1997 GARGONIVS, OGVLVS, VERRES 18. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 86 B. C. Axe: 2; Size: 1 9,2 x 1 7,7 mm; W: 3,44 gr; Obverse: Head of Apollo r., wearing oak-wreath. Reverse: Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins in 1. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; above control-mark; below, GAR; in exergue, OGV, VER. Crawford p. 364, no. 350A/la. Inv. CC 677/1997 19. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 86 B. C. Axe: 6; Size: 1 7,8 x 1 6,5 mm; W: 3,51 gr; 176 Horea Pop - Cristian Gazdac Obverse: Head of Apollo r., wearing oak-wreath; below, thunderbolt. Reverse: Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins in I. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; above, control-mark B; below, VER; exergue erased. Crawford p. 364, no. 350A/1e. Inv. CC 677/1997 20. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 86 B. C. Axe: 3; Size: 19,5 x 1 8,3 mm; W: 3,40 gr; Obverse: Head of Apollo r., wearing oak-wreath; below, thunderbolt. Reverse: Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins in I. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; no control-mark or legend. Crawford p. 366, no. 350A/2. Inv. CC 677/1997 MN. FONTEIVS C. F. 21. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 85 B. C. Axe: 9; Size: 20,7 x 1 9,8 mm; W: 3,48 gr; Obverse: Head laureate of Apollo r.; beiow, thunderbolt; behind, MN-FONTEI-C-F; before, A? Reverse: Cupid on goat r.; above, pilei; in exergue, thyrsus; around, laurel-wreath. Border of dots. Crawford p. 369, no. 353/1 a. Inv. CC 677/1997 L. [VLIVS BVRSIO 22. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 85 B. C. Axe: 5; Size: 20,5 x 1 9,7 mm; W: 3,64 gr; Obverse: Male head r., with attributes of Apollo, Mercury and Neptune; behind, trident and palm-branch. Reverse: Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in I. hand and wreath in r. hand; in field control-marks, R V; in exergue, [I] IVLI-BVRSIO. Crawford p. 368, no. 352/1 c. Inv. CC 677/1997 C. LICINIVS. L. F. MACER 23. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome THE ROMAN HOARD FROM §1MLEUL-SILVANIEI 177 Year: 84 B. C. Axe: 1: Size: 20 x 1 8,2 mm; W: 3,58 gr; Obverse: Bust of Apollo seen from behind, with head turn to L and with thunderbolt in r. hand. Border of dots, -e.e^se: Minerva in quadriga r., holding shield and reins in I. hand and spear in r. hand; in exergue, C-LICINIVS-L-F-MACER. Border of dots. Crawford p. 370, no. 354/1. Inv. CC 677/1997 Q. ANTONIVS BALBVS 24. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Yean 83-82 B. C. Axe: 5; Size: 1 8,4 x 1 7,4 mm; W: 3,41 gr; Obverse: Laureate head of Jupiter r.; behind, S-C. Border of dots. Reverse: Victory in quadriga r., holding reins and palm-branch in I. hand and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, Q-ANTO-BALB-PR. Border of dots. Crawford p. 379, no. 364/1 a. Inv. CC 677/1997 C. LIMETAN, L. CENSORIN 25. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 82 B. C. Axe: 6; Size: 1 6,8 mm; W: 3,49 gr; Obverse: Bust of Venus r., draped and wearing diadem and veil; behind, L-CENS0R1N. Border of dots. Reverse: Venus in biga r., holding reins in r. hand and goad in I. hand; above, control-mark erased; below, C-LIME[ta]; no exergue. Border of dots. Crawford p. 374, no. 360/1 b. Inv. CC 677/1997 L SVLLA, L. MANLIVS TORQVATVS 26. Denomination: denarius Mint: moving with Sulla Yean 82 B. C. Axe: 3; Size: 1 6,6 x 1 5,3 mm; W: 3,52 gr; Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, PROQ; before, [I] MA[nli]. Reverse: Triumphator, crowned by Victory, in quadriga r., holding reins in I. hand and caduceus in r. hand; in exergue, [l]-SVLLA-l[mp]. Crawford p. 386, no. 367/5. Inv. CC 677/1 997 Horea Pop - Cristian Gazdac A. POSTVMIVS A. F. S. N. ALB1NVS 27. Denomination: denarius serratus Mint: Rome Year: 81 B. C. Axe: 10; Size: 19,9 x 18,4 mm; W: 3,55 gr; Obverse: Bust of Diana r., draped, with quiver and bow over shoulder; above, bucranium. Border of dots. Reverse: Rock, on which stands lighted altar; on I. of altar, bull; on r. of altar, togate figure holding aspergilium over bull; around, A-POST-A-F-S-N-ALBIN. Border of dots. Crawford p. 389, no. 372/1. Inv. CC 677/1997 28. Denomination: denarius serratus Mint: Rome Year: 81 B. C. Axe: 6; Size: 19 x 17,6 mm; W: 3,70 gr; Obverse: Head of Hispania r., wearing veil; behind, HISPAN, downwards. Border of dots. Reverse: Togate figure with r. hand raised, standing between legionary eagle and fasces with axe; around, A-POST-A-F-S-N-ALBIN. Border of dots. Crawford p. 389, no. 372/2. Inv. CC 677/1997 Tl. CLAVDIVS NERO 29. Denomination: denarius serratus Mint: Rome Year: 79 B. C. Axe: 3; Size: 19,2 x 17,5 mm; W: 3,53 gr; Obverse: Bust of Diana r., draped with quiver and bow over shoulder; before, S-C. Border of dots. Reverse: Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch and reins in I. hand and wreath in r. hand; below, control-mark, LXIII; in exergue, [ti]-CLAVD-TI-F. Border of dots. Crawford p. 398, no. 383/2. Inv. CC 677/1997 M. VOLTEIVS M. F. 30. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 78 B. C. Axe: 12; Size: 17 x 15,6 mm; W: 3,56 gr; Obverse: Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots. Reverse: Capitoline temple; below, M-VOLTEI-M-F. Border of dots. Crawford p. 399, no. 385/1. Inv. CC 677/1 997 THE ROMAN HOARD FROM $IMLEUL-SILVANIEI 179 L. FARSVLEIVS MENSOR 31. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 75 B. C. Axe: 6; Size: 19,3 x 18,4 mm; W: 3,61 gr; Obverse: Bust of Libertas r., draped and wearing diadem; behind, piieus; before, MENSOR upwards; below chin, S-C, Bead-and-reel border. Reverse: Warrior holding spear and reining in biga r. with I. hand; with r. hand he assists togate figure into biga; below, control-mark, LXVl. Border of dots. Crawford p. 406, no. 392/1 b. inv. CC 677/1997 C. POSTVMIVS 32. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 74 B. C. Axe: 1 2; Size: 16,1 x 1 5 mm; W: 3,60 gr; Obverse: Bust of Diana r., with bow and quiver over shoulder. Reverse: Hound running r.; below, spear; in exergue, [c]-POSTVM[i]. Crawford p. 407, no. 394/1 b. Inv. CC 677/1997 C. HOSIDIVS C. F. GETA 33. Denomination: denarius serratus Mint: Rome Year: 68 B. C. Axe: 6; Size: 1 9,7 x mm; W: 3,27 gr; Obverse: Bust of Diana r., draped with bow and quiver over shoulder; behind, GETA; before, HI-VIR. Border of dots. Reverse: Boar r., wounded by spear and attacked by hound; in exergue, [c]-HOSIDI-C.F. Border of dots. Crawford p. 41 9, no. 407/1. Inv. CC 677/1997 C. PISO L. F. FRVGI 34. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 67 B. C. Axe: 3; Size: 1 9 x 1 6,9 mm; W: 3,56 gr; Obverse: Laureate head of Apollo r. Border of dots. Reverse: Horseman r. with palm; above, control-mark M. Border of dots. Crawford p. 41 9, no. 408/1 a. Inv. CC 677/1997 180 Horea Pop - Cristian Gazdac Q. CASSIVS 35. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Yean 55 B. C. Axe: 6; Size: 18,3 mm; W: 3,52 gr; Obverse: Head of Genius populi Romani r. with sceptre over shoulder. Border of dots. Reverse: Eagle on thunderbolt r.; on I. lituus) on r., jug; below, Q-CASSIVS, Border of dots. Crawford p. 452, no. 428/3. Inv. CC 677/1997 CN. PLANC1VS 36. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 55 B. C. Axe: 6; Size: 1 8,1 x 1 7,2 mm; W: 3,39 gr; Obverse: Female head r. wearing causia; before, CN-PI_AN[cius]; behind, AED- [cur- s-c]. Border of dots. Reverse: Cretan goat r; behind, bow and quiver. Border of dots. Crawford p. 455, no. 432/1. Inv. CC 677/1997 Q. SICINIVS, C. COPONIVS 37. Denomination: denarius Mint: moving with Pompey Year: 49 B. C. Axe: 6; Size: 19x1 7,3 mm; W: 3,61 gr; Obverse: Head of Apollo r., hair tied with band; below, star; before, Q-SICINIVS; behind, lll-VIR. Border of dots. Reverse: Club upright, on which hangs a lion skin; on I., arrow; on r., bow; on r., C.COPO[nius- pr] S-C. Border of dots. Crawford p. 461, no. 444/1 a. Inv. CC 677/1997 C. VIB1VS C. F. PANSA 38. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 48 B. C. Axe: 1 2; Size: 1 8,5 x 1 7,1 mm; W: 3,47 gr; Obverse: Laureate head of Libertas r. Border of dots. Reverse: Roma seated r. on pile of arms, wearing helmet, holding sceptre in r. hand and placing I. foot on globe; on r., flying Victory crowning Roma; on I., THE ROMAN HOARD FROM $IMLEUL-SILVAN1EI 181 C-P[ansa-c-f-c-n]. Border of dots. Crawford p. 465, no. 449/4. Inv. CC 677/1 997 Q. METELLVS 39. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 47-46 B. C. Axe: 9; Size: 1 8,5 x 1 7,6 mm; W: 3,53 gr; Obverse: Head of Africa r., laureate and wearing elephant's skin; on r., corn-ear; below, plough; on far, Q-METEL[I]; on I., SCIPIO-1MP. Reverse: Hercules standing facing, with r. hand on hip and resting I. arm on club draped with lion's skin; on I., EPPIVS; on I., LEG-F-C. Border of dots. Crawford p. 472, no. 461/1. Inv. CC 677/1997 T. CARISIVS 40. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 46 B.C. Axe: 7; Size: 18,7 mm; W: 3,28 gr; Obverse: Head of Juno r.; behind, MONETA. Border of dots. Reverse: Anvil die with garlanded punch die above; on I., tongs; on r., hammer; above, T-CARISIVS. Laurel-wreath as border. Crawford p. 475, no. 464/2. Inv. CC 677/1997 MN. CORDIVS RVFVS 41. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 46 B. C. Axe: 1 2; Size: 1 7,4 mm; W: 3,40 gr; Obverse: Jugate heads of Dioscuri r., wearing laureate piler, around, inverse RVFVS III V[ir]. Reverse: Venus standing I., holding scales in r. hand, with Cupid perched on shoulder; behind, MN-CORDIVS. Crawford p. 473, no. 463/1 b. inv. CC 677/1 997 L. PAPIVS CELSVS 42. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 45 B. C. 182 Horea Pop - Cristian Gazdac Axe: 2; Size: 19,1 x 17,5 mm; W: 3,38 gr; Obverse: Head of Juno Sospita r. Border of dots. Reverse: Wolf r., placing stick of fire; on r., eagle fanning flames; in exergue, L-PAPIVS; above, CELSVS-III-VIR. Border of dots. Crawford p. 481, no. 472/1. Inv. CC 677/1997 L VALERIVS ACISCVLVS 43. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 45 B.C. Axe: 12; Size: 20,4 x 19,5 mm; W: 3,52 gr; Obverse: Head of Apollo r., hair tied with band; above, star; behind, acisculus and ACISCVL-VS. Border of dots. Reverse: Europa seated on bull r.; in exergue, L-VALERIVS. Border of dots. Crawford p. 483, no. 474/1 a. Inv. CC 677/1997 M. METTIVS 44. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 44 B. C. Axe: 2; Size: 19x18 mm; W: 3,21 gr; Obverse: Wreathed head of Caesar r.; behind, lituus and culullus; before, CAESAR-[imp]. Reverse: Venus standing I., holding Victory in r. hand, sceptre in I. hand, resting I. elbow on shield which in turn rests on globe; behind, [m-mettius]. Border of dots. Crawford p. 488, no. 480/3. inv. CC 677/1997 P. CLODIVS M. F. 45. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 42 B. C. Axe: 1 2; Size: 19 x 17,6 mm; W: 3,81 gr; Obverse: Head of Apollo r., wearing veil; behind, lyre. Border of dots. Reverse: Diana standing facing, with bow and quiver over shoulder, holding torch in each hand; on r., [p]-CLODIVS; on I., M-F. Border of dots. Crawford p. 506, no. 494/23. Inv. CC 677/1997 THE ROMAN HOARD FROM $IMLEUL-SILVAN1EI 183 C. VIBIVS VARVS 46, Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Yean 42 B. C. Axe: 11; Size: 18x16,9 mm; W: 3,48 gr; Obverse: Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath. Border of dots. :e s'se: Garlanded altar, on which rests mask and against which rests thyrsus; on r., panther springing up towards altar; in exergue, [c]-VIBIVS; on r., VARVS. Border of dots. Crawford p. 508, no. 494/36. Inv. CC 677/1997 L MVSSIDIVS T. F. LONGVS 47. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Yean 42 B. C. Axe: 1; Size: 19 x 1 8,2 mm; W: 3,70 gr; Obverse: Head of Concordia r., wearing veil; behind, CONCORDIA. Border of dots. Reverse: Two hands clasped round caduceus; below, L-MVSSIDIVS. [longus]. Border of dots. Crawford p. 508, no. 494/41. Inv. CC 677/1997 48. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Yean 42 B. C. Axe: 3; Size: 20,7 x 19,4 mm; W: 3,37 gr; Obverse: Head of Concordia r., wearing veil; behind, CONCORDIA; below chin, crescent. Border of dots. Reverse: Shrine of Venus Cloacina, inscribed C[loaci]N; above, L-MVSSIDPVS-LONGVS. Border of dots. Crawford p. 509, no. 494/42c. Inv. CC 677/1997 -r. I "--"nation: denarius Mmt: Rome Yean 42 B. C. Axe: 2; Size: 1 8 x 1 6,7 mm; W: 3,56 gr; Obverse: Radiate bust of Sol facing, draped. Border of dots. Reverse: Shrine of Venus Cloacina, inscribed C[loaci]N; above, L-MVSSIDIVS-LONGVS. Border of dots. Crawford p. 509, no. 494/43a. Inv. CC 677/1997 184 Horea Pop - Cristian Gazdac 50. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 42 B. C. Axe: 11; Size: 18,1 x 1 6,8 mm; W: 3,38 gr; Obverse: Radiate bust of Sol facing, draped. Border of dots. Reverse: Shrine of Venus Cloacina, inscribed CLO[a]CIN; above, L-MVSSIDIVS-[iongus]. Border of dots. Crawford p. 509, no. 494/43a. Inv. CC 677/1997 OCTAVIANVS: CAESAR DIVI F 51. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Year: 36-29 B. C. Axe: 3; Size: 20 x 1 8,2 mm; W: 3,66 gr; Obverse: Head of Venus r., wearing diadem, earring in shape of cross, and necklace of pendants; hair collected into a knot behind, and falling in two locks down her neck. Border of dots. Reverse: CAESAR DM F (across the field). Octavianus, in military dress, rushing I., his cloak over his arm; he extends his r. hand, and bears spear in I. Border of dots. Grueber II, p. 9, no. 4327. RIC I2, p. 59, no. 251. Inv. CC 677/1997 IMPERIAL COINS OCTAVIANVS 52. Denomination: denarius Mint: uncertain mint in Italy Year: 29-27 B. C. Axe: 3; Size: 21,5 x 20,7 mm; W: 3,41 gr; Obverse: Victory standing r. on prow; she holds wreath in r. hand and palm-branch in I. hand. Border of dots. Reverse: IMP-CAESAR (in the exergue). Octavianus in triumphal chariot r., drawn by four horses, walking; he holds laurel- branch in r. hand, and reins in I.; the chariot is ornamented with figures in relief. Border of dots. Grueber II p. 13, no. 4343. RIC \\ p. 60, no. 264. Inv. CC 677/1 997 AVGVSTVS 53. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome (Grueber); Spanish mint (RIC) Year: 18 B. C. THE ROMAN HOARD FROM §IMLEUL-SILVANIEI 185 Axe: 6; Size: 18x17 mm; W: 3,55 gr; Obverse: The consular robes, the toga picta over the tunica paimata between an aquHa on I. and a laurel-wreath on r.; above, [s p] Q R-PAREN; below, CQNS-SVO. Border of dots. Reverse: Triumphal chariot r., drawn by four horses walking; the front and side panels are ornamented with figures of Victory; it is surmounted by a small quadriga with horses galloping; above, CAESARl; in exergue, AVGVSTO. Border of dots. ^-_5=er .. p. 33508, no. 4435. MCF, p. 48, no. 99. Inv.CC 677/1997 TIBERIVS 54. Denomination: denarius Mint: Rome Yean 14-37 A. D. Axe: 3; Size: 19,3 x 18,1 mm; W: 3,50 gr; Obverse: (retrograde legend) Tl CAESAR DM AVG F AVGVSTVS Head laureate r. Reverse: [pontiff MAXIM (downwards). Female figure seated r., holding sceptre in r. hand and branch in I. hand. RiC F p. 95, no. 26. tav. CC 677/1997 The analysts of this hoard must follow an interpretation according to the special conditions of cfscovery. As we have already said, the hoard was buried in the floor of a metallurgical workshop, with no object to keep the coins in. The archaeological zzts~'~ rcicats any layer of burning or a violent destruction of the workshop. The coins are preserved in a medium state of conservation. It is certain that -■"5 coins were in circulation for a long time, especially the first pieces. This can be an argument that the coins were probably assembled at the same time or at very close dates. As can be seen in the histogram (see the histogram of the republican hoard), the majority of the coins date from the periods 89-80 and 49-40 B. O, which — ■-espond, in fact, to the period of highest prosperity of the republican mintage1. In iNs case it is very normal to find the highest quantity of coins belonging to those oeriods. On the same line, in the same place has been found an unfinished silver denar, imitation of the Marc Antony issues2. In this case we can presume that this hoard is in connection with a possible mint workshop which struck imitations from Republican and Imperial coins which can be found in many other places in Dacia before the Roman " W. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, London 1 974, passim. :Sse H. Pop, I. Bejinariu, Catalogul expozitiei „Traci si daci ia Simleu Silvaniei", p. 6, pi. 1 6; H. Pop, Santierui arheoiogic SJmieu Silvaniei - „Cetate", in Cronica cercetarilor arheoiogice. Campania 1 997, Calarasi 1998, p. 76. ; For the dies from Brasov, Ludesti, Poiana, Tilisca, see I. Glodariu, Rela£ii comerciale ale Daciei cu lumea eSenistica si romana, Cluj-Napoca 1974, p. 155; for the dies from Gradistea Muncelului, see I. Glodariu, E. (aroslavschi, A. Rusu, Die Munzstatte von Sarmizegetusa Regia, in EN 2, 1 992, p. 57-69. 186 Horea Pop - Cristian Gazdac As for the weight of the coins of this hoard, we can observe on the graphic of the weight's fluctuation (see graphic of the weight's fluctuation) that there are small differences in the average weight from one period to another. These differences are, in our opinion, due to the lack of very precise scales. As can be seen in the catalogue, coins struck by the same minter in the same year can have different weights (e. g. the coins of L. MVSSIDIVS T.F. LONGVS from 42 B. C. from 3.70 gr. to 3,38 gr.). Thus, at least this hoard cannot be taken as a model for the evolution of the weight of Roman coins. Concerning the reason of concealment, it is difficult to say whether such a hoard has or not links with some events from this period. It seems that the hiding of this hoard took place in haste, with no time to put the coins in a vessel. So it could very well be attributed to some robbery or to some local event. A terminus post quern for the hiding of this hoard is indicated by the most recent coin, which dates from the reign of the emperor Tiberius. In this case the hoard should have been buried around the middle of the 1st century A. D. THE ROMAN HOARD FROM SIMLEUL-SILVANIEI 187 Grams 4.0 3.5 : : z.o 1.5 _ 1-0 3.S8 3.4 3.45 3.S2 3,54 3.42 3.48 3.51 3.57 3.41 3.45 3.47 3.66 3.48 o o o o O o o o o O o o o cn in "3" m C\J in co lo st ■ cn i cn en en 1 cn ■ LTl cn (7) 01 en cn co N to lo f Co m Graphic of weight's fluctuation Periods S3. : I: 15 12 14 4 2 2 14 2 2 o o O o o O o o o o o o o 01 *? en CO r~- to LO CO i ■ cn CT1 cfe 1 cn CD 1 tn en CfJ cn en ffi CD CO to LO m CO tn to J Periods Histogram of republican coins from the hoard of SJmleul-Silvaniei